Provérbios 19

Better is the poor that walketh in his integrity, than he that is perverse in his lips, and is a fool.
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Comparação comum em Provérbios entre integridade e riqueza (pv28:6). A ideia reaparece no Salmo 37:16, onde a justiça do pobre vale mais que a abundância do ímpio.
Also, that the soul be without knowledge, it is not good; and he that hasteth with his feet sinneth.
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A pressa como fonte de erro ecoa em Tiago 1:19. Provérbios 21:5 também alerta que planos apressados levam à pobreza.
The foolishness of man perverteth his way: and his heart fretteth against the LORD .
Wealth maketh many friends; but the poor is separated from his neighbour.
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Tema repetido: amizades interesseiras (pv14:20; pv19:7). Eclesiástico 13:21 (deuterocanônico) reforça: 'O rico fala, e todos calam; o pobre fala, e dizem: Quem é este?'
A false witness shall not be unpunished, and he that speaketh lies shall not escape.
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Repetição proposital (v.9): ênfase na condenação da mentira. Relaciona-se ao nono mandamento (ex20:16) e à lei sobre falsas testemunhas (dt19:18-19).
Many will intreat the favour of the prince: and every man is a friend to him that giveth gifts.
All the brethren of the poor do hate him: how much more do his friends go far from him? he pursueth them with words, yet they are wanting to him .
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A rejeição ao pobre é hiperbólica, mas reflete realidade social antiga. A segunda parte pode indicar que palavras vãs não recuperam amizades perdidas.
He that getteth wisdom loveth his own soul: he that keepeth understanding shall find good.
A false witness shall not be unpunished, and he that speaketh lies shall perish.
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Repetição do v.5 para reforçar a seriedade do falso testemunho. Deuteronômio 19:18-19 prescreve punição igual ao crime que a mentira intentava causar.
Delight is not seemly for a fool; much less for a servant to have rule over princes.
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Dois provérbios unidos: 1) Tolo em luxo é incongruente; 2) Escravo governando príncipes quebra hierarquias (ec10:7; eclesiástico 11:1). Na antiguidade, escravidão era base social – inverter papéis era absurdo.
The discretion of a man deferreth his anger; and it is his glory to pass over a transgression.
The king’s wrath is as the roaring of a lion; but his favour is as dew upon the grass.
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Metáforas do leão (ira real) e orvalho (favor) aparecem em Provérbios 16:14-15. O orvalho simboliza bênção (os14:5).
A foolish son is the calamity of his father: and the contentions of a wife are a continual dropping.
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Esposa contenciosa como 'gotejar' é metáfora cultural: telhados de barro vazavam na chuva. Repete-se em pv21:9,19.
House and riches are the inheritance of fathers: and a prudent wife is from the LORD .
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A esposa como dom divino aparece em pv18:22. Contexto de casamentos arranjados: atribuía-se à providência a escolha (gn24; 1sm25:3 – Abigail).
Slothfulness casteth into a deep sleep; and an idle soul shall suffer hunger.
He that keepeth the commandment keepeth his own soul; but he that despiseth his ways shall die.
He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto the LORD ; and that which he hath given will he pay him again.
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Caridade como empréstimo a Deus ecoa em Mateus 25:40. Deuteronômio 15:7-11 ordena ajudar os pobres como mandamento.
Chasten thy son while there is hope, and let not thy soul spare for his crying.
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Disciplina moderada: exagero pode levar à morte (físico ou emocional). Relaciona-se a pv13:24; 22:6; ef6:4 alerta contra provocação aos filhos.
A man of great wrath shall suffer punishment: for if thou deliver him , yet thou must do it again.
Hear counsel, and receive instruction, that thou mayest be wise in thy latter end.
There are
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Contraste entre planos humanos e soberania divina (pv16:1,9; tg4:13-15). Não é contra o planejar, mas sobre submeter-se à vontade de Deus.
The desire of a man is his kindness: and a poor man is better than a liar.
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Algumas traduções trazem 'amor leal' em vez de 'desejo'. O hebraico 'tov' (bem) gerou variações. A versão 'desejo' enfatiza a sinceridade.
The fear of the LORD tendeth to life: and he that hath it shall abide satisfied; he shall not be visited with evil.
A slothful man hideth his hand in his bosom, and will not so much as bring it to his mouth again.
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Exagero humorístico: preguiçoso nem leva comida à boca. Paralelo em pv26:15 – preguiçoso enterra a mão no prato e cansa de trazê-la à boca.
Smite a scorner, and the simple will beware: and reprove one that hath understanding, and he will understand knowledge.
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Diferentes reações à repreensão: o escarnecedor não muda (pv9:8), mas o simples (ingênuo) aprende. O sábio já entende, aprofunda conhecimento (pv21:11).
He that wasteth his father, and chaseth away his mother, is a son that causeth shame, and bringeth reproach.
Cease, my son, to hear the instruction that causeth to err from the words of knowledge.
An ungodly witness scorneth judgment: and the mouth of the wicked devoureth iniquity.
Judgments are prepared for scorners, and stripes for the back of fools.
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Justiça contra escarnecedores aparece em pv3:34 (citado em 1pe5:5). Na cultura hebraica, açoite era punição legal (dt25:1-3).